{"id":2991,"date":"2019-10-27T17:45:19","date_gmt":"2019-10-27T17:45:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nenadnoveljic.com\/blog\/?p=2991"},"modified":"2019-10-27T17:45:22","modified_gmt":"2019-10-27T17:45:22","slug":"high-resolution-time-human-readable","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nenadnoveljic.com\/blog\/high-resolution-time-human-readable\/","title":{"rendered":"Converting High-Resolution Time to a Human Readable Format"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A line in a SQL trace might contain a timestamp information, among others :<\/p>\n<pre><code>WAIT #140736371587856: nam='PGA memory operation' ela= 1458 p1=0 p2=0 p3=0 obj#=-1 <span style=\"color: red;\">tim=13218904558749<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>This timestamp is derived from an OS kernel high-resolution time <a href=\"https:\/\/method-r.com\/2016\/05\/20\/motd2\/\">[1]<\/a>. The high-resolution time is elapsed time since some arbitrary time in the past. In other words, it isn&#8217;t correlated in any way to the time of the day or boot time. Consequently, it can&#8217;t be simply converted to Unix Epoch time. Normally, that isn&#8217;t an issue, because high-resolution timestamps are used for measuring intervals, not for timestamping. However, once I had to correlate a single wait event outlier to OS performance data and ASH, and therefore, had to find a way to convert the high-resolution time to a human readable format. In this blog post, I&#8217;ll be presenting the methodology I came up with, and provide a couple of C programs as well. I chose C because of its low overhead, which is relevant when measuring time in microseconds. All programs compile on Linux and Solaris &#8211; I used conditional compiling for calling specific low-level OS kernel functions.<\/p>\n<p>But, in the first place, why would somebody use arbitrary timestamps instead of wall clock time for measuring time intervals? One reason is efficiency &#8211; the former introduces far less overhead, which can be easily measured with <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/nenadnoveljic\/blogs\/blob\/master\/converting_high_resolution_time_to_a_human_readable_format\/benchmark_timer.c\">benchmark_timer.c<\/a>:<\/p>\n<pre><code><a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/nenadnoveljic\/blogs\/blob\/master\/converting_high_resolution_time_to_a_human_readable_format\/benchmark_timer.c\">benchmark_timer<\/a>\nDuration of getting timestamps [ns]:\n------------------------------------\nhigh-resolution: 99\nwall clock     : 8421\n\nhigh-resolution: 57\nwall clock     : 100\n\nhigh-resolution: 59\nwall clock     : 73\n\nhigh-resolution: 60\nwall clock     : 68<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>The other is that, unlike wall clock time, high-resolution time isn&#8217;t a subject to adjustments:<\/p>\n<blockquote cite=\"https:\/\/docs.oracle.com\/cd\/E86824_01\/html\/E54766\/gethrtime-3c.html\"><p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.oracle.com\/cd\/E86824_01\/html\/E54766\/gethrtime-3c.html\">gethrtime() <\/a>function returns the current high-resolution real time.<br \/>\nTime is expressed as nanoseconds since some arbitrary time in the past.<br \/>\nIt does not necessarily represent time elapsed since boot, nor it is<br \/>\nnot correlated in any way to the time of day, and thus is not subject<br \/>\nto resetting or drifting by way of adjtime(2) or settimeofday(3C). The<br \/>\nhi-res timer is ideally suited to performance measurement tasks, where<br \/>\ncheap, accurate interval timing is required.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>In other words, although the reference point is arbitrary, it doesn&#8217;t change over time until the server reboot.<\/p>\n<p>I visualized both time systems in order to work out the high-resolution time reference point:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/nenadnoveljic.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/tim2.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"192\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-3006\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/nenadnoveljic.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/tim2-300x192.gif\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Legend:<br \/>\n<i>t_hr<\/i> : current high-resolution time,<br \/>\n<i>t_epoch(t_hr)<\/i>: current time expressed as UNIX Epoch time,<br \/>\n<i>t_epoch(0)<\/i> : high-resolution reference time expressed as UNIX Epoch time.<\/p>\n<p>As the units in both time systems are the same, any high-resolution time <i>t_hr<\/i> can be converted to Unix Epoch time as follows:<\/p>\n<p>(1) <i>t_epoch(t_hr) = t_epoch(0) + t_hr<\/i><\/p>\n<p>While <i>t_hr<\/i> and <i>t_epoch(t_hr)<\/i> can be easily retrieved from OS, <i>t_epoch(0)<\/i> is unknown.<\/p>\n<p>But, the equation (1) can be rewritten as follows:<\/p>\n<p>(2) <i>t_epoch(0) = t_epoch(t_hr) &#8211; t_hr<\/i><\/p>\n<p>The equation (2) tells us that, if we get both Unix Epoch and high-resolution time at the &#8220;same&#8221; time, we can calculate the high-resolution reference time in Epoch. So, I wrote <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/nenadnoveljic\/blogs\/blob\/master\/converting_high_resolution_time_to_a_human_readable_format\/get_t_hr0.c\">get_t_hr0.c<\/a> which, basically, gets the current Unix Epoch and high-resolution times and calculates their difference:<\/p>\n<pre><code><a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/nenadnoveljic\/blogs\/blob\/master\/converting_high_resolution_time_to_a_human_readable_format\/get_t_hr0.c\">get_t_hr0<\/a>\n<span style=\"color: red;\">1558015736559599<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<p>The returned time is in microseconds &#8211; to match the timestamp in the SQL trace.<\/p>\n<p>Of course, there&#8217;ll inevitably be some marginal error, because the calls to get the current high-resolution and Unix Epoch time are executed sequentially. However, as the program is written in C, this error is negligible. Another possible source of error is a wall clock time drift, so it&#8217;s best to run <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/nenadnoveljic\/blogs\/blob\/master\/converting_high_resolution_time_to_a_human_readable_format\/get_t_hr0.c\">get_t_hr0<\/a> during or immediately after tracing.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/nenadnoveljic\/blogs\/blob\/master\/converting_high_resolution_time_to_a_human_readable_format\/convert_tim_to_localtime.py\">convert_tim_to_localtime.py<\/a> converts the timestamp from the trace file to a human readable format. The script takes the timestamp from SQL trace and high-resolution reference time expressed in Unix Epoch time (in microseconds) as its arguments, sums them and displays the time in a human readable format.<\/p>\n<pre><code>python <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/nenadnoveljic\/blogs\/blob\/master\/converting_high_resolution_time_to_a_human_readable_format\/convert_tim_to_localtime.py\">convert_tim_to_localtime.py<\/a> <span style=\"color: red;\">13218904558749 1558015736559599<\/span>\n2019-10-16 16:04:01.118348<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>In summary, take the following steps to convert the timestamp from SQL trace (<i>tim<\/i>) to the human readable format:<\/p>\n<p>1. Get the high-resolution time reference in Unix Epoch Time (<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/nenadnoveljic\/blogs\/blob\/master\/converting_high_resolution_time_to_a_human_readable_format\/get_t_hr0.c\">get_t_hr0.c<\/a>)<br \/>\n2. Take the time from Oracle trace.<br \/>\n3. Convert the timestamp to the human readable format (<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/nenadnoveljic\/blogs\/blob\/master\/converting_high_resolution_time_to_a_human_readable_format\/convert_tim_to_localtime.py\">convert_tim_to_localtime.py<\/a> <i>tim<\/i> <i>t_hr0<\/i>).<\/p>\n<p>References:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/method-r.com\/2016\/05\/20\/motd2\/\">[1]<\/a> Cary V. Millsap, <i>Mastering Oracle Trace Data, 2nd edition.<\/i> August 4, 2016<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How to convert a time stamp in SQL trace to wall clock time <a href=\"https:\/\/nenadnoveljic.com\/blog\/high-resolution-time-human-readable\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue Reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2991","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-oracle"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Converting High-Resolution Time to a Human Readable Format - All-round Database Topics<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"How to convert a time stamp in SQL trace to wall clock time.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/nenadnoveljic.com\/blog\/high-resolution-time-human-readable\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Converting High-Resolution Time to a Human Readable Format - 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